Monte Carlo
Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation
Comprehensive reference on physically based rendering techniques
Lecture 18: Monte Carlo Rendering (CMU 15-462/662)
An introduction to Monte Carlo ray tracing
The rendering equation
The classic Kajiya rendering equation paper introduced the "rendering equation" and the path tracing algorithm
Lecture 19: Variance Reduction (CMU 15-462/662)
An overview various variance reduction techniques for Monte Carlo rendering, covering bidirectional path tracing, Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, MIS, stratified Sampling, low-discrepancy sampling, blue noise, photon mapping, and finite element radiosity
Robust Monte Carlo Methods for Light Transport Simulation
the Academy Award-winning Ph.D. thesis by Eric Veach. It starts from bidirectional light transport algorithms and introduces multiple importance sampling and Metropolis light transport